2004-3-27 14:15
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
[這篇文章最後由誠惶誠恐在 2004/03/27 02:43pm 第 1 次編輯]
約旦，佩特拉遺址，文化遺產，1985年列入世界遺產名錄。
佩特拉在史前已有人居住，曾是阿拉伯國家，埃及和敘利亞-腓尼基之間重要的交通樞紐。它被群山環繞，峽谷和通道穿越其中，建築大部分是從岩石上雕刻和開鑿出來的， 具有東方傳統和希臘風格。
佩特拉是約旦著名古城遺址，位於約旦安曼南250公里處。希臘文意為"岩石"。《舊約全書》稱其為"塞拉"。始建於西元前6世紀前後，是由居住在這裡的遊牧民族那納巴特阿拉伯人建造。在西元前4世紀至西元2世紀是納巴特王國首都。西元前1世紀，納巴特王國在國王阿雷特斯三世統治時相當繁榮，疆土曾擴大到大馬士革。西元106年，被羅馬帝國皇帝圖拉真軍隊攻陷，淪為羅馬帝國的一個行省。這裡作為商路要道曾盛極一時。3世紀起，因紅海海上貿易的興起代替了路上商路，佩特拉開始衰落，7世紀被阿拉伯軍隊征服時，已是一座廢棄的空城。1812年為瑞士人J.L.伯爾克哈特重新發現。
佩特拉被赤褐色砂岩高山環繞著，它們為佩特拉抵抗入侵者提供了天然屏障。這裡半乾旱，易碎的砂岩讓納巴特王國人可以在上面雕刻他們的寺廟和墳墓，因為這岩石很容易粉碎成沙，岩石的顏色很多，從淡黃色或白色到深紅色直到深棕色都有，這種深棕色的岩石更有抵抗力。各種不同顏色岩石的扭曲岩層形成了岩石表面的螺旋形和波浪形的顏色曲線。
佩特拉古城處於與世隔絕的深山峽谷中，位於乾燥的海拔一千米的高山上，幾乎全在岩石上雕刻而成，周圍懸崖絕壁環繞，其中有一座能容納兩千多人的羅馬式的露天劇場，舞臺和觀眾席都是從岩石中雕鑿出來，緊靠山岩巨石，風格渾然一體。
佩特拉遺跡有一條長約1.5公里的狹窄峽谷通道。峽谷最寬處約7米，最窄處僅兩米左右，兩側雕鑿有洞窟和岩墓。納巴特人是高超的水利工程師，在一線天的崖壁上排列著一條條為城市輸送飲用水的水道。
古城核心是一個大廣場，廣場正面是宏偉的哈茲納宮。宮室鑿在陡岩上，分上下兩層，高約40米、寬約30米依山雕鑿，造型雄偉，有6根羅馬式門柱，直至洞頂。柱與柱間是神龕，供奉聖母、帶翅武士等神像，雖多殘缺，仍不失本來神韻。正殿後壁龕肅立著聖母像，栩栩如生。左右殿壁的壁畫，色彩暗淡，但粗曠的線條依稀可辨。橫樑和門檐雕有精細圖案。 穿過哈茲納殿堂前面的小谷，有古羅馬劇場遺跡。劇場後面有一處開闊地，城市房屋依四周山坡建築而成，有寺院、宮殿、浴室和住宅等。
南面半山腰的歐翁宮似是王室殿宇。拾級而登，只見半山岩石被掏空了，幾百平方米的大殿不見一根柱子。後面的配殿肅穆而陰森，是歷代國王的陵墓。歐翁宮的兩側是密如蜂巢的石窟群，分別作為寺院、住宅、浴室、墓窟。洞型和內部雕飾並不雷同，懸崖頂部的洞室富於詩意，白雲繚繞，賽如鵲巢鷹窩。到了那裏，恍若置身仙境。
在哈茲納宮開闊地四周是其他的陵墓及大廳，數量不比在岩石上開鑿的人工岩洞多多少。向右，小路在崖壁中間較寬的地方延伸，崖壁上點綴著較小的墓窟，看上去像是岩石上的黑洞。<BR>平地上原來曾有許多民居，但因千年風霜侵蝕，早已蕩然無存。遍地岩景天生自然，那玫瑰紅、赭紅、海藍的斑斕色彩，似怪獸伏地的巨岩、如巨筆插天的石筍，絕非人造假山可以相比。人們把佩特拉叫做"玫瑰色的石頭城"，一點也不誇張。
穿幽谷，爬上曲折的山道，便是佩特拉的博物館，它負責對佩特拉遺跡進行發掘和保護。門口幾尊塑像笑容可掬，館內人獸雕塑美不勝收：綽約多姿的頂水壇少女、盛氣淩人的壯碩武士、咆哮的雄獅、溫順的綿羊，一尊尊呼之欲出。館裏收藏的岩城文物，展示了古都昔日的盛況。
佩特拉古城反映了納巴特王國五百年繁榮時期的歷史，古城多數建築保留了羅馬宮殿式的風格，表明古納巴特人曾受到羅馬文化的影響。因此，從古城的遺跡，我們可以了解古納巴特文明，還可以從中了解到許多羅馬文化，是羅馬文明研究的重要參考。西元3世紀以後，佩特拉城逐漸趨向衰落，之後古城湮沒了一千多年。
岩城現有100多名居民，一部分仍然住在洞窟裏，他們就是納巴特人的後裔，保持著祖先的習俗，身穿阿拉伯長袍，頭纏紅色帶條紋頭巾，婦女蒙著面紗。
當地政府採取了一系列積極保護措施，設立專門機構來管理，使得古城得以完整地保存下來。1982年，佩特拉古城被列入世界遺產名錄，古城得到全世界的關注和保護。相信在世界各國人民的努力下，古城一定會以其雄偉壯觀的身姿，屹立於大地，屹立於世界。（北京大學 晁華山）
中國網2003年9月
http://202.130.245.40/chinese/zhuanti/zwyichan/406157.htm
2004-3-27 15:56
思寧
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
好象在好多電影裏見過
2004-3-27 19:53
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
El Deir (the Monastery) at Petra
[b]PETRA, JORDAN[/b]
The old city of Petra in Jordan is a stunning place. It deserves its overused description of 'a rose-red city half as old as time', taken from a poem by John William Burgeon.
Petra was established by the pre-Roman Nabateans, who were formally a nomadic people. A remarkable feature of the site is that many of the elaborate structures were cut into the solid, richly-colored rock.
http://www.culturefocus.com/jordan18.jpg
El Khazneh (the Treasury)
Petra was built in an area of rugged and dramatic hills that provide stunning surroundings and a unique ambience. The easiest access is through a narrow gorge called the Siq that leads first to El Khazneh (the Treasury), the Nabatean's most fabled achievement.
El Khazneh is carved into the solid sandstone. The first glimpse of this fabulous edifice as it appears in the sunlight at the end of the Siq is a sight never to be forgotten. The huge size of some of the structures at Petra, in particular El Khazneh and El Deir, is not apparent from photographs.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria_jordan.htm
2004-3-27 19:58
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
El Deir (the Monastery)
[b]The rise and fall of Petra[/b]
The wealth of Petra grew as the Nabateans gained control of caravan trade routes through the region. The city fell to the Romans in 106 AD. Although Petra continued to thrive for a time, its importance later declined along with the caravan routes on which it depended. Petra was eventually abandoned and fell into centuries of obscurity.
http://www.culturefocus.com/jordan104.jpg
Camel and rock tombs at Petra, Jordan
http://www.culturefocus.com/jordan8.jpg
A weather-worn rock facade at Petra, Jordan
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria_jordan.htm
2004-3-27 20:05
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
http://www.culturefocus.com/jordan1b.jpg
First view of El Khazneh (the Treasury) through the rock walls of the Siq
[b]The re-discovery of fabled Petra[/b]
Early in the nineteenth century, the young Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt studied Arabic, grew a long beard and adopted the guise of a Moslem so that he could travel in the Middle East.
In 1812, he set out to investigate tales of fantastic ruins in the mountains of Wadi Musa. Under the pretence of making a sacrifice at the nearby tomb of the Prophet Aaron, he managed to make a difficult and dangerous journey that took him to the Siq that leads into Petra.
Making his way through the Siq, Burckhardt was confronted by El Khazneh, the first building of the fabled city. Visitors today see that same first glimpse of carved, richly-colored sandstone between the high rock walls of the gorge.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria_jordan.htm
2004-3-27 20:10
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
[b]PALMYRA, SYRIA[/b]
In the Syrian desert are the ruins of Palmyra (ancient Tadmor), a city that was driven to heroic deeds and its ultimate downfall by the ambitious dreams of Queen Zenobia.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria3.jpg
The Great Colonnade and Tetrapylon at Palmyra
Built at the site of a desert oasis, Tadmor prospered as a staging post for caravans. The city was renamed Palmyra by the Romans who, in 217 AD, made it a colony in their expanding empire.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria2.jpg
Sunset behind the Great Colonnade at Palmyra
The downfall of Palmyra began when its ruler Odenathus was assassinated and his wife Zenobia (believed by many historians to have been responsible!) gained power. Conflict with Rome ensued after Zenobia declared independence for Palmyra and began expanding her influence through the Middle East.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria16.jpg
The Monumental Arch at Palmyra, Syria
After eventually being captured by the Romans, Zenobia was paraded through Rome in gold chains as the emperor Aurelian's trophy. Palmyra itself was finally taken by Aurelian in 273 AD after another rebellion. Aurelian's troops slaughtered many of Palmyra's residents and burned much of the city.
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria9.jpg
The Theatre at Palmyra, Syria
http://www.culturefocus.com/syria_jordan.htm
2004-3-27 20:24
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
http://www.geocities.com/historytravel2001/syria/palmyra-3.jpg
http://www.geocities.com/historytravel2001/syria/palmyra-5.jpg
帕密拉是敘利亞的觀光重點城市之一，它是敘利亞沙漠的綠州都市，在羅馬時代，它曾是駱駝商隊的驛站處，若你從大馬士革到此，車程約需3個小時； 此地帕密拉是一個典型的沙漠型氣候，早晚的溫度就似身處南極北極，溫差極端，在這你隨處可見的是古羅馬時代的斑駁遺跡，而觀光重點有Colonade、Theater、死亡城及帕密拉國立博物館，在Colonade地方，在這可見高約15公尺的石灰岩柱，石柱上有當時當權者的雕像；而Theater是一座羅馬時代的劇場舞台，走訪劇場廣場，彷彿時光回溯，耳邊彷彿重現當時的原聲重現及眼前。
死亡城，是當時各墓塔的總稱，散落在附近沙漠地區，在此所發掘的出土羅馬文物，均展示在大馬士革博物館及帕密拉博物館。帕密拉國立博物館，所展現的是在此出土的文物，包括有雕像、浮雕等品。
當然它也介紹有關帕密拉的歷史。到帕密拉地區若能真正親身體驗沙漠中騎駱駝樂趣，是為你的旅行加分之原動力，藍天、白雲、一望無際的沙漠，騎在駱駝上體會當時商隊前進時的辛勞，相信此段路程必定讓你念念不忘。
http://www.easytravel.com.tw/worldwide/asia/xuliya/xul2.htm
更多有關帕密拉的介紹：
http://www.geocities.com/historytravel2001/syria/palmyra.htm
http://www.geocities.com/historytravel2001/syria/palmyra-2.html
http://www.geocities.com/historytravel2001/syria/palmyra-5.html
2004-3-28 12:55
YFORYUKI
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
ＷＯＮＤＥＲＦＵＬ∼
2004-7-25 23:57
誠惶誠恐
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
http://lava.nationalgeographic.com/pod/pictures/lg_wallpaper/NGM1998_12p124-5.jpg
2004-7-30 16:46
帶銀公主
[轉貼]世界文化遺產－－約旦及敘利亞
呢度...以前１定仲靚
好舒服呀^^